In my original post I wrote: '...ideas can be truly realised only with words...' I was not writing about moods or emotions - it was *ideas*. In the immortal words of Jelly Roll, `the foist blues I no doubt heard in mah life' was the St Louis Blues. (Since it was `composed', I suppose it doesn't count as a real blues. However I was only a little Scots boy living many thousand of literal & metaphorical miles from the place of origin & it was the best I could do ...) As we all know, it consists of an opening phrase of 5 notes, answered by one of 6. It breaks the heart. Or, at least it breaks my heart. I *think* its poignancy would be there, no matter what. But it takes on a wholly other quality - a great volume of associations & memories - once the words are added: `And I hate to see. That evening sun go down.' That extra dimension is quite dependent on the *words*. One of the most powerful images of recent years is the photograph of the little naked Vietnamese child running down the road with her burns open to the world. It's an image, though, not an idea. It could mean many things. It might be about the vileness of humanity; or the greedy callousness of the capitalistic West; or the manipulative cynicism of the communist East; or the folly of war; or the vulnerability of the human body; or the curse of overpopulation; or the need for smart weapons, or.... In the end meaning - MEANING - will need words to define it. We will always bring our own private expectations to a work of art. But I think we should at least try to understand the artist's original intention. When Brendan writes about the `...desolation of Tchaikovsky, or of Chopin, or the sweetness of Debussy, or the sublime madness and pensive hush of Satie, or the mathematical intellectual struggles of Bach and Mozart...' I think he's imposing a `meaning' on certain neutral textures that others have claimed to recognise - but which the artists themselves might very well disavow. Tim writes about Van Gogh. It used to be fashionable to see his manic-depressive moods reflected in some of his paintings. Everyone, for example, used to see an impending doom in the ominous black crows flying over the corn fields painted shortly before he shot himself. Yet there's now great doubt about his underlying diagnosis. The suicide was probably a gesture that went badly wrong (he died largely due to the incompetence of his doctor), his mood on the day he painted the corn fields was rather cheerful, & so on. The `menacing crows' are simply an image that appealed to him as part of the picture's structure on the day. If you want to evoke moods, atmospheres, you can probably do it with greater facility using the more `visceral' arts such as music or the pictorial. But you probably also need to tell your audience what you're about (as in a movie or `programme music'). If, in a book, you're trying to create credible, living characters - who by their nature will be paradoxical & multifaceted - then, fair enough, you may well have to go about it using evocations, hints, associations, tricks, & so on. But if you're essentially a didactic writer whose primary concern is with the way human beings conduct their lives - which is what I believe Salinger eventually tried to become (& I personally regard it as a sad regression) - at some point you'll need to come out of the warm nest of vaguely brotherly love & use words in clear, sequential, coherent statements. Scottie B.